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Gherardo Gnoli
66 quotes
“Such religious thought was formed... in the central and southern zones of the eastern Iranian world...”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The only possible identification of Airyana Vaejah must point to the great Hindukus mountain range.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The main obstacle to a reconstruction that closely links the western Aryas to the Avestan Airyas is, in my opinion, the one arising from the theories that the Medes and the Persians emigrated from the North rather than from the East, that is to say, for instance, from south-east Russia (some scholars connect them with the so-called Andronovo culture) to the region lying North or North-West of the Caspian and across the Caucasus to the Urmia Lake region and, lastly, in an easterly and southeasterly direction towards the Zagros mountains.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Now, the obstacle that arises from the theory of the Medes and the Persians having emigrated from the North ... on the basis of a highly conjectural interpretation of the archaeological evidence, is now removed by the archaeologists themselves. A body of evidence... orients us in quite a different direction, namely towards that of a migratory movement, probably a slow, progressive one, from East to West, along the great Khorasan Road.....”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“A much more convincing theory than that of the western Iranians having emigrated from North to South across the Caucasus is that of a slow, progressive East-West emigration, a gradual penetration as it were, over the centuries, from the end of the 2nd millennium to the first half of the 1st millennium B.C. ...”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Having done away with the obstacle provided by the theory of the trans-Caucasian migration..., we can see both these peoples as western branches of those same Airyas that in the Younger Avesta are described as being settled in such a large part of the eastern Iranian world....”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“When we speak of Medes and Persians, we must not lose sight of a historical perspective. In all likelihood, the ethnic groups of the Medes and the Persians that were settling the historical lands in the 8th century B.C. must already have been the result of processes of assimilation of heterogeneous ethnic, linguistic and cultural elements.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The foregoing leads us to believe that the answer which we gave earlier, at the beginning of this chapter, to the question as to whether we ought to see a sort of continuity and a close link between the western Aryas, the Medes and the Persians and the Airyas of the Avestan people, is a well grounded one. We can reply that the Aryas who became part of the ethnic groups of the Medes and the Persians were none other than western branches of the Avestan Airyas who, in their westward migrations, had taken with them the name Aryan and so had extended, in a way, the boundaries of Ariana proper.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Thus Airyana Vaéjah was the new Zoroastrian name for the country that was considered the centre of the main karSvarq where the Iranian ‘Meru’ stood and through which there flowed the “Aryan” reach of the river that was renamed Vanuhi Daitya,”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I gradually grew more convinced of a number of definite points. First, that the milieu of the origin of Zoroaster or, as I was then inclined to think, of the tradition that bore his name, could not be in Chorasmia, either little or great”, ie. reaching as far as Marv and Harat, but must be sought in a region further south. Secondly, that the difference between the milieu of Zoroastrian origins and the cultural, social and political reality of the Achaemenian empire were so marked that they must needs be explained by means of a process of historical evolution that was neither brief nor superficial.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The Chorsamian hypothesis, which is still quite commonly held amongst scholars, should definitely be abandoned, as the historico—philological and archaeological arguments on which it is based are essentially groundless. The historical perspective it fits into is also distorted, as it suggests a political situation in eastern Iran, in the period immediately before Achaemenian rule which is by no means backed up by the available sources. The sources tell us quite unequivocally of political supremacy exercised by the Bactrians in the eastern part of the plateau, certainly not by the Chorasmians whose alleged hegemony over the various peoples of eastern Iran is supposed to be recognized on the basis of arguments given in favour of the aforementioned theory. As a matter of fact, the little we are able to reconstruct of the Median or pre-Achaemenian period in the eastern regions should be reconstructed as a radically different political situation. This position of superiority amongst the eastern satrapies which Bactria seems to have had in Achaemenian times was probably the heritage of an earlier situation”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“in the denomination of Ariana, which became known to the Greeks after the Macedonian conquest of the eastern territories of the old Persian empire, there was obviously reflected a tradition that located the Aryan region in the central-southern part of eastern Iran, roughly from the Hindukus southwards, and that considered some of the Medes and the Persians in the west and some of the Bactrians and Sogdians in the north as further extensions of those people who were henceforth known by the name of Ariani. And this, to tell the truth, fits nicely into the picture we have been trying to piece so far. Here too, as in the passages of the Avesta we have studied from the Mihr Yast and the Zamyad Yast, the geographical horizon is central-eastern and southeastern; the northern lands are also completely peripheral, and Chorasmia, which is present only in the very peculiar position of which we have spoken in the Mihr Yast, is not included.” ...”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[the airyo-Sayana refers to] “the vast region that stretches southward from the Hindukus,” ... “from the southern slopes of the great mountain chains towards the valleys of the rivers that flow south, like the Hilmand…” “there is a substantial uniformity in the geographical horizon between Yt.XIX and Yt.X ... and the same can be said for Vd.I … these Avestan texts which contain in different forms, and for different purposes, items of information that are useful for historical geography give a fairly uniform picture: eastern Iran, with a certain prevalence of the countries reaching upto the southern slopes of the Hindukus.” ...”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The discoveries made by Soviet archaeologists in Margiana and Bactria uncovered settlements and constructions of such complexity that they leave us little doubt about the special importance of these regions in the cultural geography of Central Asia and eastern Iran until the threshold of the 1st millennium BCE... one can conjecture, in the pre-Achaemenid period, the existence of an extensive geopolitical entity: research conducted on the ground would suggest attributing it either to Bactria alone or to a larger geopolitical entity that also included Margiana and Sogdiana, a parallel technique, even prior to the rise of the Achaemenids, but in which neither the Persians nor the Medes seem to have been much involved.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“These Aryas doubtless took with them their religious traditions as well, and this explains in what terms we must speak of the Achaemenians’ belonging to the airya tradition, i.e. to a religious and cultural heritage from a country further east. Afterwards Mazdeism grew up amongst them, and we do not know of any Mazdeism that could be defined for a certainty as non—Zoroastrian, nor, as I have tried to show elsewhere, have we any real reason, even if we take into account the name as—sa-ra ‘ma-za—as in the Assyrian tablets, to maintain that the very conception of a god such as Ahura Mazda was not the work of Zarathustra, in spite of the opinion of some leading scholars to the contrary and a hypothesis put forward recently by F.B.J. Kuiper. On the contrary, we might suppose that it was the decisive and most original feature of the message of the great prophet of ancient Iran’.”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“We do not know for certain which river of the traditional cosmology it corresponded to, although the one that naturally comes to mind is the river Arodvi Brzi. Likewise we are unsure of its identification with this or that river of actual geography, although in this case, too, it does not seem that we have a great many rivers to choose from. For a number of reasons that we cannot go into here, as it would lead us too far astray the only rivers we can seriously take into consideration are those such as the Oxus and the Helmand... I have already collected on several occasions evidence and arguments in favour of the latter river in particular...”
Gherardo Gnoli (1937–2012) said by 2012 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source