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Rafael Guastavino

92 quotes

“The first is founded in the resistance of any solid to the action of gravity when opposed by another solid. From these conjuctive forces, more or less opposed to one another, results the equilibrium of the total mass, without taking into consideration the cohesive power of the material set between the solids.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The second has for a basis the properties of cohesion and assimilation of several materials; which, by a transformation more or less rapid, resemble Nature's work in making conglomerates.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[T]he... mechanical, system is... where all the pieces can be separated one by one and then rebuilt in the same or similar manner. To this class belong the pyramids of Egypt and the Greek temples, etc.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“In "Cohesive Construction"... the components cannot be separated without destroying the integral mass. To these belong the Babylonian walls of brick with hydraulic mortar; the vaults and cupolas of the Assyrian, Persian, Arabian, Roman and Byzantine—the antique and Middle Age conglomerate construction.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The structures built by the "Gravity System" can at any time be taken down in the pieces... Thus, the stone or brick... of a temple or monument... can to-morrow belong to or form... [another structure]...”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[T]hough man cannot again use the parts of "Cohesive Construction" for modern buildings, their ruins inspire respect and ; and only Nature, with her slow... disintegration, can take from this... material for her immense and eternal laboratory.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[M]aterials... in construction by gravity only require... .”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Cohesive Construction"... materials must... have proper physical conditions... but it is absolutely necessary that the chemical properties of the substances... be taken into consideration.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The use of the "Cohesive System" was rendered impossible to many nations because they had neither the material, nor the knowledge of its use... while... all civilizations... could make use of the gravity system.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The basis of these materials is mortar that does not require exposure to the air for its transformation or setting quality—that is, and ; but for our specialty we must have cements of the quality of Portland.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Nothing had then been written in regard to cohesive construction as applied to the "timbrel arch... due to the following..: The nations who for nearly a century and a half were most advanced... and who had written most about the applied sciences, were the English, French and Germans... [O]n account of the erroneous form of their bricks, and the poor method of using their materials.., when the walls... were torn down and the bricks taken out, they were so nearly clean, without any mortar adhering.., that they could be used again in new walls.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Could the professors and scientific men of these countries have seriously taken into consideration... cohesive strength.., though they knew of the existence of some cements.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[A]ll conscientious professors were inclined to give coefficients of resistance only for the gravity system, and all their books and teachings were on the gravity system, except for tensions of materials working in that way.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Italy and Spain at this epoch had no text-books of their own; all were translations from the French and English works.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“A "Timbrel Vault" of a single thickness of brick or (Fig. 10) has no more resistance than an arch or vault built on the " Gravity System"; because, no matter how good the mortar.., there is only one vertical joint, and the bricks or tiles are working as s.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[I]f we put another course over the first (Fig. 11), breaking joints, and laid with hydraulic material, we will have the action of cohesive force. ...[M]ortar laid over the first course, or extrados, takes bond with it, and also with the course laid on top. As soon as the cement sets, we will have shearing resistance represented by 17,820 pounds per square foot (Fig. 12)... In this way we introduce a new additional strength to the arch which is a peculiarity of the Timbrel Arch System.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“In the "Gravity System" (Fig. 10), the strength of gravity alone is the only force keeping the s in place by pressure against each other in the joints. These joints are not protected, and any reduction in the width of the joints in consequence of pressure, or weight on the arch, compromises the setting of the mortar.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[I]n the " Gravity System " the mortar serves only as a cushion... because of bad setting, and adds no strength to the arch.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[I]n our " Cohesive System," with horizontal broken joints, with 17,820 pounds per square foot shearing strength, the reduction in the vertical joints is prevented absolutely, as can be proved by the following facts...”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“First, we can build arches of twenty-feet span only three inches thick, using a centre one inch thick, and moving it along as soon as a row of tiles is laid, which usually requires about fifteen minutes.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Second, it is common to see the workmen walking over the arch, free from centres of any kind, some hours after it is built.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[T]hird, we can run the centre under the arch again when it is completed, which is the most practical illustration that the arch has has the absolute repose necessary for its settlement.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“These three remarkable circumstances are of great value to architects, as they can be put in the specifications and can be depended upon as absolute proof of the safety of the .”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[T]his horizontal breaking joint, or new additional strength, is not the only great advantage of the system.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[I]f we were able to build an arch without joints, it would be the best, as it would have no settlement; but as the gravity system has only s of stone or brick.., joints are necessary.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[A brick arch (Fig. 13) of six-feet span... would have... 26 or 27 joints of common brick. These joints.., one-quarter of an inch thick, represent about seven inches of mortar... compelled to set with all the weight of the s resting on the centres. The centres, contracting, leave the weight or pressure on the mortar.., preventing a good setting, and raising the centre of pressure of the arch from A to B..; this happens in all the brick arches...”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“When this arch rises only ten per cent of the full span it is very dangerous, because the development of the curve measures very little more than its chord C D. The builder or contractor, knowing this, is... afraid when the centres are removed, and, before the architect knows it.., brings down the centre of pressure... further, by hammering in little iron wedges or nails in the joints, covering them with mortar so as not to be seen. This... destroys what cohesion may... be left in the joints, but... prepares the brick for secondhand material by freeing it from the mortar.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“In our arch, in the same six feet (Fig. 14), we have only 13 joints, one-quarter of an inch each.., only three and one-quarter inches of mortar..; the arch with no joints is the best, the one with the least is... preferred.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“There are other advantages... [I]n every arch the curve of pressure changes according to the position of the load; this means that every arch must be prepared for work by deflection or tension.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“This shows... for... cohesive construction the following advantages over the brick arch or any arch built by mechanical construction: ...[T]he protection of the vertical joints, by introducing the new strength coming from the horizontal breaking joints. ...[T]he less number of vertical joints, amounting to only five per cent, of the full span, while the brick arch has ten per cent. ...[T]he resistance to deflection (bending-moment) ...”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The result of these advantages is the surprising strength of the "Timbrel Arches," so... 15 or 20-foot arches, three inches thick.., with ten per cent, rise... can be laid, taking away the centres and giving them... uses of the building in a few hours, when an arch of brick with a six-foot span, four inches thick and a ten per cent, rise, requires strong and heavy centres, with several days' repose. Even then this six-foot span, four inches thick and with a ten per cent, rise, is not a safe construction. The span requires eight inches of thickness...”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[A] brick arch four feet six inches in span, ten per cent... rise, and four inches thick, with cement mortar... [is] equivalent to a ten or twelve foot span in a "Timbrel Arch," three inches thick, and with an eight to ten per cent rise.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“All... [the above] can be applied to... concrete or conglomerate arches, especially in regard to... heavy centres, and imperfect settlement of... materials. In large arches, the cement cannot be put over the arches quickly enough so... every layer can settle evenly, and... excessive use of the rammer kills part of the cement. ...[F]or forty years these... have been tried without success, except in small arches, where the laborers... can complete the full span of the arch with one single coat having a uniform settlement; but not without... more material than necessary.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“General Formula for Segmental Arches [for distributed load:]\mathrm{TC} = \frac{\mathrm{LS}}{8r} \qquad (1)”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“L = Load in pounds including material. (L is always 12" in length \times span and \times load in lbs. per superficial foot, including material.) R = Resistance in middle of arch, or T \times C. C = Coefficient for compression = 2,060 lbs. per sq. in., breaking load. C' = Coefficient tension = 300 lbs. per sq. in., breaking load. C" = Coefficient transverse = 90 lbs. per sq. in., breaking load. T = Area of cross-section, in superficial inches, in the middle of the arch. (T will always be 12 \times thickness, or area represented by 12 = thickness.) r = Rise of arch in feet. S = Span in feet.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“We use the formula (1) to get the thickness necessary at the centre of the arch with a distributed load, including the weight of the arch... After that we find the line of the extrados of the arch in a graphical manner, derived from the formula given by [Édouard] Dejardin for tracing the equilibrium profile of the extrados for the vaults, giving the section of the arch in the skewbacks, or base of the arch on each side.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) first seen 1807 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Ref: 1) Édouard Dejardin (1807-1866), Notice sur les constructions en briques (1858) 2) Lectures for mechanics of solids and structures, s course.
“[T]he architects of the Pontificate... had only common air-lime and plaster. The first they found impossible to use in constructions similar to St. Sophia, the Cathedral of Zamora or the Arabian cupolas. ...[T]he unlimited expansion of [the second, i.e.,] the plaster, which only stops when fully saturated,—...when it loses its power of absorption,—compelled the architects, to supply walls of enormous thickness. Besides this disadvantage, when the plaster has arrived at... saturation its strength is gone, loosening the bricks principally where the building is exposed to the weather or subject to alternate changes of humidity and dryness. In consequence, its use was limited to very heavy walls, and for ceilings having wooden beams and wooden boards, over which were laid Arabian tiles if it was a roof, and mortar and flooring tiles if it was a floor.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Up to the year 1868 the professors of the academy of .., a city where s are more in use than in the rest of the world, did not... to pay any attention to this style of construction until important applications had been made... And when at last they did, it was only to comment incidentally on its resistance, and its possible utility; but they did not make a study of it, notwithstanding the fact that they were constantly walking over floors constructed on this system in which plaster was used; on the other hand, this want of attention is explained by the lack of s proper... for such... construction.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The progress verified in Spain, particularly in , in this special construction, was due principally to the manufacturers, and to the studies and teachings of the professors on these subjects, who were debating... how to improve their respective specialties, and how to obtain new practical systems of construction, knowing... that the improvement in material required change and progress in construction. But their noble aspirations were restricted, as they had no facilities; besides which it was necessary for them to content themselves by recommending the theories of Vicat about the use of cements, and other applications well based.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Nothing was done about investigating these [type of] structures.., and no s were discovered. These only can be obtained when we can depend upon the materials with mathematical regularity, and with powerful apparatus for determining their reliability. They can only be obtained, too, in countries where we can find in the market enough guaranteed brands of of different setting degrees; where clay can be used for these constructions with advantage, and with regularity of manufacture thereafter; and... after trial in a country where we have powerful apparatus, and where coefficients can be obtained, as has been exemplified by our own work for the past five years.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The formula for the manufacture of these kinds of materials, and the manner of their use was... lost (probably soon after the fall of the Roman Empire), barring some rude practices in the Orient, which soon disappeared, to be found again in 1791 by Mr. Parker. The two patents taken out by him in 1791 and 1796 were not complete, and they came too late to be taken into consideration in the scientific movement, already well advanced, that was giving impulse to the academic and technical schools in the last century, whose text-books in general did not refer to any save the gravity system. These doctrines or ideas prevail yet, and are now the basis of our teachings.”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[S]uppose an arch laid in brick... to receive a test for tension (Fig 15). The resistance of this tension depends upon the cohesion of the joints, or the resistance to tension of the mortar. But we have observed... cohesion in the brick arches was... unsatisfactory, and... the mortar is only a cushion in many cases, but... when these joints have a good settlement the tension will only equal the cohesive strength of the mortar between the bricks, and with good cement mortar ten days laid... 80 to 150 pounds per square inch, while... our "Timbrel Arch"... test... 287 pounds for ten days, and 159... for seven days (Fig. 17).”
Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908) said by 1908 at the latest wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source