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Mohammad Rafique Mughal
6 quotes
“In ancient times the Ghaggar-Hakra was a mighty river, flowing independently [of the Indus] along the fringes of the Rann of Kutch.”
Mohammad Rafique Mughal (born 1936) first seen 2010 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: quoted in Danino, M. (2010). The lost river : on the trail of the Sarasvatī. Penguin Books India.
“Mughal's broad chronological periods are not specific enough to assist us in definitively situating the Vedic-speaking Aryans as inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is significant, however, that about 80 percent of Mughal's 414 archaeological sites along a three-hundred-mile section of the Hakra were datable to the fourth or third millen- nium B.C.E, suggesting that the river was in its prime during this period.”
Mohammad Rafique Mughal (born 1936) first seen 2001 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: in Bryant, E. F. (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : the Indo-Aryan migration debate. Oxford University Press. chapter 9
“Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the Hakra flood plain was densely populated between the fourth and the second millennia B.C.... the Ghaggar-Hakra is ‘often identified with the sacred Sarasvatī River of the Vedic Aryans’... ‘certain that in ancient times the Ghaggar-Hakra was a mighty river, flowing independently [of the Indus] along the fringes of the Rann of Kutch’.”
Mohammad Rafique Mughal (born 1936) first seen 2010 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Mughal, M.R., Ancient Cholistan: Archaeology and Architecture°, p. 22.in Danino, M. (2010). The lost river : on the trail of the Sarasvatī. Penguin Books India.
“On the Pakistan side, archaeological evidence now available overwhelmingly affirms that the Hakra was a perennial river through all its course in Bahawalpur during the fourth millennium B.C. (Hakra Period) and the early third millennium B.C. (Early Harappan Period).”
Mohammad Rafique Mughal (born 1936) first seen 2010 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Mughal, M. Rafique, ‘Recent Archaeological Research in the Cholistan Desert’, in Possehl, Gregory L., (ed.), Harappan Civilization : A Recent Perspective, , p. 94.in Danino, M. (2010). The lost river : on the trail of t…
“‘This change ... is strongly suggestive of the dispersal of inhabitants, if not depopulation, of the Hakra flood plain during the Late Harappan. ... It seems almost certain that changing environmental conditions were profoundly affecting the long-established cultural pattern in Cholistan.’”
Mohammad Rafique Mughal (born 1936) first seen 2020 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: quoted from Danino, M. (2020). Climate, Environment, and the Harappan Civilization. R. Chakrabarti, Critical Themes in Environmental History of India, 333-377.
“Mughal (1993) proposes the following outline: On the Pakistan side, archaeological evidence now overwhelmingly affirms that the Hakra was a perennial river through all its course in Bahawalpur during the fourth millennium . . . and early third millennium B.C. About the middle of the third millennium B.C., the water supply in the Northeastern portion of the Hakra [the Yamuna] was consider- ably diminished or cut off. But, abundant water in the lower (southwestern) part of this stream was still available, apparently through a channel from the Sutlej. . . . About the end of the second, or not later than the beginning of the first millennium B.C., the entire course of the Hakra seems to have dried up. (4)”
Mohammad Rafique Mughal (born 1936) first seen 1993 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Mughal (1993) in Bryant, E. F. (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : the Indo-Aryan migration debate. Oxford University Press. chapter 9