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Gary Marcus
96 quotes
“I am not an anti-connectionist; I am opposed only to a... subset of possible connectionist models.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The problem is that... connectionism has become synonymous with... back-propogation. ...[T]hat... type of network... occupies... a small corner in the... space of possible network models. ...[A]dequate models of most likely lie in a less explored part of the space...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“... taken... broadly... could help us answer... what the mind's basic building blocks are and how those... could be implemented in the brain.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[S]ymbol manipulating models... use logical functions like AND and OR... [T]hose functions can easily be built in—or, implemented in—connectionist nodes.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[C]onnectionism... encompasses models that have sought to explain how symbol-manipulation can be implemented in a neural substrate...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I focus on... multilayer perceptrons because these are... discussed when researchers consider the relation between connectionism and symbol-manipulation.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[S]ymbol-manipulation consists of three... hypotheses... [[Mind|[M]ind]] [1] represents abstract relationships between variables... [2] has a system of recursively structured representations... [3] distinguishes between mental representations of individuals and mental representations of kinds. ...[T]hese can stand or fall separately. Any given model... can be consistent with one subset of the... hypotheses... or all...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I have often encountered audiences that... want me to prove... mind manipulates symbols. ...I can do no such thing. At most... symbol-manipulation is consistent with the facts and... the alternatives thus far... are inadequate.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“One of the oldest debates in intellectual history revolves around the somewhat nebulous concept of innateness. How much of the human mind is built-in, and how much of it is constructed by experience?”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Plato... in... ... argued that a slave boy had knowledge of geometry, despite the lack of... formal training.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Noam Chomsky is perhaps the scholar most identified with nativism, ...children ...born with a “language acquisition device”... or what Steven Pinker... called a "language instinct.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[E]mpiricists... as John Locke.., and... Jeff Elman... have taken something close to a "blank slate" or tabula rasa view, arguing... knowledge... from experience... through the senses.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[M]odern observers... concede that s and experience work together... "nature and nurture", not "nature versus nurture".”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Pinker, ... and myself... have frequently argued... [that] a significant part of a creature’s innate armamentarium consists... of [innate]... mechanisms... that enables learning.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The guiding question for the current paper is whether artificially intelligent systems ought... to be endowed with significant... innate machinery, or whether, in virtue of the powerful learning systems... recently... developed, it might suffice for... systems to work in a more bottom up, tabula rasa fashion.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“In... the biology of innateness... I made a foundational distinction between... "prewiring" and "rewiring", and suggested that the biological evidence for both processes was overwhelming.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) first seen 2004 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Gary F. Marcus,The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought (2004)
“[[Learning|[L]earning]]... takes place against a background of... machinery that precedes learning; evidence for prewiring doesn’t speak against rewiring... nor does evidence for (later) rewiring speak against evidence for prewiring.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[T]hink of [biological or artificial] as a function over four variables... cognition = f(a, r, k, e) where a = innate algorithms.., r = innate representational formats.., k = innate knowledge.., and e = experience. ...A true blank slate would set k and r to zero.., a to some extremely minimal value.., and leave the rest to experience. This is essentially the view that Locke... articulated... Yann LeCun... appears to believe that... a, r and k should approach zero. ...[F]ew researchers ...explicitly discuss the question.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[[w:Psychological nativism|[N]ativism]] is hardly a central topic in contemporary AI thought.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Perhaps the strongest argument for keeping the values of a, r, and k small, while relying on a high value of e, comes from DeepMind’s groundbreaking work on playing classical board games through , masterfully presented by Demis Hassabis...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[T]he question is not whether genes play roles in language but how...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[[w:Nervous system|[N]eural systems]] that must be biologically constrained... include mechanisms that... simultaneously coordinate SYNTACTIC, SEMANTIC, PHONOLOGICAL, and PRAGMATIC representations with one another, with motor and sensory systems, and with both speaker's and listener's knowledge of the world.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Genes... contribute to online functions of the mature brain... [e.g,] by mediating changes in the strengths of connections between neurons. ...[L]ikely ...hundreds or ...thousands ...participate in the development and maintenance of the neural systems that underlie language ...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[G]eneticists have... been able to zero in on a... gene, ... implicated in one particular disorder affecting speech and language... [[w:Mutation|[M]utation]]s have been heterozygous... [i.e.,] a mutation in only one copy... (Humans are diploid organisms carrying two copies of every gene, one from the father, the other from the mother, with... exceptions such as the genes on s.) ...[C]ases of FOXP2-related disorder suggest ...reduced ...FOXP2 in the brain circuits... important for speech and language.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[M]ost genetic language disorders are likely... multifactorial, the product of multiple genetic risk factors... [M]utation of FOXP2 impairs... also aspects of nonlinguistic orofacial ...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[I]t is highly unlikely that... a single human-specific gene... endow[s] our species to acquire language. ...The "" shorthand is... misleading because most, if not all... genes... involved in language... likely play other roles...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“For developmental dyslexia... [∃] several candidate genes (, K1AA0319, , and ). ...[H]ighly similar versions of each are found in other s and in s.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“s, like species, are the product of what Darwin called "descent with modification." Each... current function a modification of earlier functions. ...[C]omparisons of gene sequences and expression patterns in different species can... cast light on language evolution...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“... is present in similar forms in... vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles and fish... expressed in corresponding regions of the brain to... humans... [I]n s, changes in expression of the gene in striatal Area X,—a key nucleus of the brain system involved in song learning—appear to relate to alterations in vocal plasticity...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Mathematical analyses of [diverse human] genomic sequences suggest... the version of FOXP2... in modern humans arose within the last 200 years, concordant with... estimates... of proficient spoken language.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[G]enes may provide the first molecular entry points into neural pathways involved in human communication, and to understand how... descent and modification led to the... human faculty for complex language.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Recent research in artificial intelligence and machine learning has largely emphasized general-purpose learning and ever-larger training sets and more and more compute. In contrast, I propose a hybrid, knowledge-driven, reasoning-based approach, centered around s, that could provide the substrate for a richer, more robust AI than is currently possible.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[I]f we cannot count on our AI to behave reliably, we should not trust it.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[C]ontrast robust AI with... narrow intelligence, systems that perform a single narrow goal extremely well... but often... extremely centered around a single task and not robust and transferable to... modestly different circumstances”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[P]ointillistic intelligence... works in many cases but in fails in many other[s].., ostensibly quite similar, in somewhat unpredictable fashion.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“To build a robust, knowledge-driven approach to AI we must have the machinery of symbol-manipulation in our toolkit. Too much of useful knowledge is abstract to make do without tools that represent and manipulate abstraction, and to date, the only machinery that we know of that can manipulate such abstract knowledge reliably is the apparatus of symbol manipulation.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“We cannot construct rich s in an adequate, automated way without the triumvirate of hybrid architecture, rich prior knowledge, and sophisticated techniques for reasoning.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[A] question I think about every day... is, "Is AI, on balance, going to be good for society or bad for society?" ...What kind of AI should we want? ...[W]e should want one which is consistent with human rights and human dignity. ... ...laid out its first global standard on the ethics of AI, and ...talked about human values; respecting, protecting and promoting human rights ...[etc.] ...[T]hat's a really good place to start.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) first seen 2021 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Ref: UNESCO 41st session, Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence (Nov 2021)
“[T]he place we actually are [at] has much more to do with ...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“There's a wonderful document... "The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights"... from the Biden White House that talks about safe and effective systems. We should all want that. We shouldn't want algorithmic discrimination... [etc.]”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) first seen 2022 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Ref: Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People (Oct 2022)
“It's... obvious what we want, but... the AI that we have... especially the AI that is popular.., , is... technically and morally inadequate.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“[G]enerative AI... is just one possible approach. It's... fun to play with. It's... popular, but... has a lot of problems. I... call it "rough draft AI". You can trust it to make a rough draft of anything.., but you can't really trust it. It has a factuality problem.., [e.g.,] it's... rotten at physics... [I]t's factually challenged.., and it's presented as absolute fact, as absolute truth. There's a saying in the military, "Frequently wrong, never in doubt," and that's... what we've got...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“s... put together... superficial statistics of the words and sometimes the images that they see. They may seem smart, but... they can't sanity check their... work. They can't.., like... an intelligent person... go to Wikipedia... or Google... to... sanity check.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“It all sounds very plausible. When I went on 60 Minutes last year I called it all "authoritative bullshit”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“There's also toxicity problems with these systems... [E]ven with so-called guardrails, it's very easy to get these systems to say things that are truly vile.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“... has a problem. ...[Y]ou can type in something like "leadership" and get a bunch or white males leading a bunch of white males... [A] paper... last week showed that if you use these systems to evaluate job resumes, there's lots of discrimination. These things are... arguably worse... than the history of discrimination in our society, because they tend to perpetuate stereotypes from the data, and they can't reason in the way that we can about what would be ethical to do now...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Generative AI... has a plagiarism problem. ...The New York Times noticed ...these systems often just repeat verbatim things that they've seen before. ...They're trained on a lot of copyrighted material, and they're very prone to repeating it.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I did some work with an artist Reid Southen... and we showed that these systems... plagiarize in the image domain and now we know it's true in the musical domain... [A]ll of these... [images] came out of . They're... repeating, spitting back things that they've seen in copyrighted materials. ...There is no embarrassment or shame in these systems, or the people that are making them.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) first seen 2024 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Ref: 1) Gary Marcus, Reid Southen, "Generative AI Has a Visual Plagiarism Problem" (Jan 6, 2024) @ 2) About Reid Southen @ReidSouthenArt.com
“That's my biggest concern, but there are many others. There's , accidental misinformation, there's all these fake books... [etc.] now... [D]efamation has happened a bunch of times. There's nonconsensual deepfake porn. There's accelerating crime, cybersecurity.., bias and discrimination.., privacy and data leaks.., stealing intellectual property. There's also the problem that people over-rely on unreliable systems because they hear that these systems are great, when they're not...”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) first seen 2023 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Fake Books Ref: 1) , I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires) (Aug 7, 2023, & Update, Feb 18, 2025) @JaneFriedman.com 2) The Authors Guild, AI Is Drivi…
“Because there are many risks, we shouldn't expect a silver bullet... We shouldn't expect any single law is... going to handle all of this. We need to look at each of the risks. Generative AI is almost like a Hydra. New risks show up every day. ...[E]xisting laws were written long before s.., [e.g.,] our defamation laws... care about intent. These systems can defame people without... intent... That doesn't mean that we should exonerate them.”
Gary Marcus (born 1970) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source