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Eric Kandel
80 quotes
“As knowledge advances and scientific disciplines change, so do the disciplines impinging on them.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) first seen 2008 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New Biology of Mind (2008)
“In the period from 1920 to 1960, psychiatry derived its main intellectual impetus from psychoanalysis. During this phase, its most powerful antidisciplines were philosophy and the social sciences. Since 1960, psychiatry has begun (again) to derive its main intellectual challenge from biology, with the result that neurobiology has been thrust into the position of the new antidiscipline for psychiatry.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) first seen 2008 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New Biology of Mind (2008)
“In the near future, neurobiology will address a matter of more general and fundamental importance: the biology of human mental processes. ...Psychology and psychiatry can illuminate and define for biology the mental functions that need to be studied if we are to have a meaningful and sophisticated understanding of the biology of the human mind.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) first seen 2008 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New Biology of Mind (2008)
“The Age of Insight is a product of my... fascination with the intellectual history of Vienna from 1890 to 1918, as well as my interest in Austrian modernist art, psychoanalysis, art history, and the brain science that is my life's work. ...I examine the ongoing dialogue between art and science that had its origins in fin-de-siècle Vienna and document its three major phases.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) first seen 2012 wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
Recorded in: The Age of Insight (2012)
“Five separate pulses of serotonin, designed to simulate five shocks to the tail, strengthened the synaptic connection for days and led to the growth of new synaptic connections... that did involve the synthesis of new protein.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Jacques Monod... published a paper entitled "Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Synthesis of Protein." Using bacteria as a model system, they made the remarkable discovery that genes can be regulated—that is, they can be switched on and off like a water faucet.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“What is learning but a set of sensory signals from the environment, with different forms of learning resulting from different types or patterns of sensory signals?”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Jacob and Monod found that in bacteria, genes are switched on and off by other genes. This led them to distinguish between effector genes and regulatory genes. Effector genes encode effector proteins... which mediate specific cellular functions. Regulatory genes encode proteins called regulatory proteins, which switch the effector genes on or off.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Jacob and Monod not only outlined a theory of gene regulation, they also discovered the first regulators of gene transcription. These regulators come in two forms—repressors, genes that encode the regulatory proteins that shut genes off, and as later work showed, activators, genes that encode the regulatory proteins that turn genes on.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“In the Jacob-Monod model, signals from a cell's environment activate regulatory proteins that switch on the genes encoding particular proteins. This led [Philip] Goelet and me to wonder whether the crucial step in switching on long-term memory in sensitization might involve similar signals and similar gene regulatory proteins.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Even though I had long been taught that the genes of the brain are the governors of behavior, the absolute masters of our fate, our work showed that, in the brain as in bacteria, genes are also servants of the environment. ...An environmental stimulus... activates modulatory interneurons that release serotonin. The serotonin acts on the sensory neuron to increase cyclic AMP and to cause protein kinase A and MAP kinase to move to the nucleus and activate CREB. The activation of CREB, in turn, leads to the expression of genes that changes the function and the structure of the cell.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Exceptionally good memory exhibited by some people may stem from genetic differences in CREB-2 that limit the activity of this repressor protein in relation to CREB-1.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The same CREB switch is important for many forms of implicit memory in a variety of other species, from bees to mice to people.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“CPEB is the first self-propogating form of a prion known to serve a physiological function... perpetuation of synaptic facilitation and memory storage.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The fact that a gene must be switched on to form a long-term memory shows clearly that genes are not simply determinants of behavior but are also responsive to environmental stimulation, such as learning.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The growth and maintenance of new synaptic terminals makes memory persist. ...The ability to grow new synaptic connections as a result of experience appears to have been conserved throughout evolution. As an example... the cortical maps of the body surface are subject to constant modification in response to changing input from sensory pathways.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Implicit memory is responsible not only for simple perceptual and motor skills but also, in principle, for the pirouettes of Margot Fonteyn, the trumpeting techniques of Wynton Marsalis, the accurate ground strokes of Andre Agassi, and the leg movements of an adolescent. Implicit memory guides us through well-established routines that are not consciously controlled.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“For all of us, explicit memory makes it possible to leap across space and time and conjure up events and emotional states that have vanished into the past yet somehow continue to live in our minds.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Recall of memory is a creative process. What the brain stores is... only a core memory. Upon recall, this memory is then elaborated upon and reconstructed, with subtractions, additions, elaborations, and distortions.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“What biological processes enable me to review my own history with such emotional vividness?”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Mountcastle discovered that tactile sensation is made up of several distinct modalities; for example, touch includes... hard pressure on the skin as well as a light brush... He found that each distinct submodality has its own private pathway within the brain and that this segregation is maintained at each relay...”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Cajal revealed the precision of the interconnections between populations of individual nerve cells. Mountcastle, Hubel, and Wiesel revealed the functional significance of those patterns of interconnections. They showed that the connections filter and transform sensory information on the way to and within the cortex, and that the cortex is organized into functional compartments, or modules.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Each sensory system first analyzes and deconstructs, then restructures the raw, incoming information to its own built-in connections and rules—shades of Immanuel Kant.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Aspects of visual perception—motion, depth, form, and color—are segregated from one another and conveyed in separate pathways in the brain, where they are brought together and coordinated into a unified perception.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Segregation occurs in the primary visual area of the cortex, which gives rise to two parallel pathways. ...the "what" pathway, carries information about the form of an object... the "where" pathway, carries information about the movement of the object in space: where the object is located.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The idea that different aspects of visual perception might be handled in separate areas of the brain was predicted by Freud at the end of the nineteenth century. ...a cortical defect that affected [the] ability to combine aspects of vision into a meaningful pattern. ...defects, which Freud called agnosias (loss of knowledge)...”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“What strategy does the brain use to read itself out? That question, which is central to the unitary nature of conscious experience, remains one of the many unresolved mysteries of the new science of mind.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The firing of individual nerve cells involved in perceptual and motor processing is modified by attention and decision making.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Birds in which spatial memory is particularly important—those that store food at a large number of sites, for example—have larger hippocampuses than other birds. ...London taxi drivers have a larger hippocampus than others the same age. ...the size of their hippocampus continues to increase with time on the job.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Long-term potentiation helps stabalize the internal representation of space, and... attention, a defining feature of explicit memory storage, modulates the representation of space.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“O'Keefe... argued that many forms of explicit memory (for example, memory for people and objects) use spatial coordinates... we typically remember people and events in a spatial context.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Because we do not have a sensory organ dedicated to space, the representation of space is a quintessentially cognitive sensibility: it is the binding problem writ large.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“For some representations of space the brain typically uses egocentric coordinates (centered on the receiver)... For other behaviors... the brain uses allocentric coordinates (centered on the world).”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“We did not realize that the hippocampus is concerned with perception of the environment and therefore represents multisensory experience...”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Unlike vision, touch, or smell, which are prewired and based on Kantian a priori knowledge, the spatial map presents us with a new type of representation, one based on a combination of a priori knowledge and learning. The general capability for forming spatial maps is built into the mind, but the particular map is not. Unlike neurons in a sensory system, place cells are not switched on by sensory stimulation. Their collective activity represents the location where the animal thinks it is.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“By merely observing the electrical activity in the brain, Libet could predict what a person would do before the person was actually aware of having decided to do it. This finding caused philosophers of mind to ask: If the choice is determined in the brain before we decide to act, where is free will? ...choice in action, as in perception, may reflect the importance of unconscious inference. Libet proposes that... just before the action is initiated, consciousness is recruited to approve or veto the action.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Pernkopf was only one of many Austrians who were "rehabilitated" in the postwar period. Their rehabilitation underscores the tendency of Austria to forget, suppress, and deny the events of the Nazi period. ...Anton Pelinka ...has called this phenomenon the "great Austrian taboo." It is precisely this moral vacuum that induced Simon Wiesenthal to establish his documentation center for Nazi war crimes in Austria, not Germany.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The history of Austrian culture and scholarship in the modern era largely paralleled the history of Austrian Jewry.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The Viennese Kultusgemeinde... was going bankrupt... European governments typically compensate Jewish agencies... but the Austrian government's compensation was not adequate. ...I owe my existence in the United States to the generosity of the Viennese Kultusgemeinde.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“My hope is that the difference in the three generations' attitudes may signal a lessening of anti-Semitism in Austria.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I continue to explore the science in which I work almost like a child, with naïve joy, curiosity, and amazement.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I was astonished to discover that working in the laboratory—doing science in collaboration with interesting and creative people—is dramatically different from taking courses and reading about science.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The life of a biological scientist in the United States is a life of discussion and debate—it is the Talmudic tradition writ large. ...The egalitarian structure of American science encourages this camaraderie. ...this would not—could not—have taken place in the Austria, the Germany, the France, or perhaps even the England of 1955.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I have at times felt alone, uncertain, without a well-trodden path to follow. Every time I embarked on a new course, there were well-meaning people... who advised against it. I had to learn early on to be comfortable with insecurity and to trust my own judgement on key issues.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“We now understand that every mental state and every mental disorder is a disorder of brain function. Treatments work by altering the structure and function of the brain.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“...in various types of organisms, from snails to flies to mice to people. ...learning and memory, as well as synaptic and neuronal plasticity, represent a family of processes that share a common logic and some key components but vary in the details of their molecular mechanisms.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“I would like to develop a reductionist approach to the problem of attention by focusing on how place cells... create an enduring spatial map only when an organism is paying attention to its surroundings.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The idea that we are unaware of much of out mental life, first developed by Hermann Helmholtz, is central to psychoanalysis. Freud has added the interesting idea that although we are not aware of most instances of mental processing, we can gain conscious access... by paying attention.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“Cori Bargmann... has studied two variants of C. elegans... The only difference between the two is one amino acid in an otherwise shared receptor protein. Transferring the receptor from a social worm to a solitary worm makes the solitary worm social.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source
“The overarching ideas that have influenced my work and fueled my interest in conscious and unconscious memory derive from a perspective on mind that psychiatry and psychoanalysis opened up for me.”
Eric Kandel (born 1929) wikiquote, CC BY-SA 4.0 source